Herbal Substitutions

Here are four of the most commonly used substitutions

* Rosemary can be used in place of any other herb

* Rose can be used in place of any flower

* Frankincense or Copal can be used in place of any Gum Resin

* Sage can substitute for any mint.

* Tobacco can be used in place of any poisonous herb

ACACIA - Gum Arabic

ACACIA GUM - Gum Arabic

ACONITE - Tobacco

ARABIC, GUM - Frankincense; Gum Mastic; Gum Tragacanth

(for binding wet ingredients, not for incense use)

AMBERGRIS - Artificial Ambergris, Cypress Oil with a few drops of Patchouli Oil

AMMONIAC, GUM - Asafoetida

ASAFOETIDA -Tobacco; Valerian

BALM OF GILEAD - Rose buds; Gum Mastic

BDELLIUM GUM - Copal, Pine Resin, Dragon's Blood

BELLADONNA - Tobacco

BENZOIN - Gum Arabic; Gum Mastic

CACHANA - Angelica root

CAMPHOR OIL - Eucalyptus oil; Lavender oil

CARNATION - Rose petals anointed with a few drops Clove oil

CASSIA - Cinnamon

CASTOR BEAN - A few drops Castor oil

CEDAR - Sandalwood

CINQUEFOIL - Clover; Trefoil

CINTRON - Equal parts Orange peel and Lemon peel

CLOVE - Mace; Nutmeg

CLOVER - Cinquefoil

COPAL - Frankincense; Cedar

COWBANE - Tobacco

CYPRESS - Juniper; Pine needles

DITTANY OF CRETE - Gum Mastic

DRAGON'S BLOOD - Equal parts Frankincense and Red Sandalwood

EUCALYPTUS OIL - Camphor oil; Lavender oil

EUPHORBIUM - Tobacco

FRANKINCENSE - Copal, Pine Resin

GALANGAL - Ginger Root

GRAINS OF PARADISE - Black Pepper

GUM ACACIA - Gum Arabic

GUM AMMONIAC - Asafoetida

GUM ARABIC - Frankincense, Gum Mastic

GUM BDELLUM - Copal, Pine Resin, Dragon's Blood

HELLBORE - Tobacco, Nettle

HEMLOCK - Tobacco

HEMP - Nutmeg, Damiana, Star Anise, Bay

HENBANE - Tobacco

HYSSOP - Lavender

IVY - Cinquefoil

JASMINE - Rose

JUNIPER - Pine

LAVENDER - Rose

LEMONGRASS - Lemon Peel

LEMON PEEL - Lemongrass

LEMON VERBENA - Lemongrass, Lemon Peel

LODESTONE - A magnet or hematite

MACE - Nutmeg

MANDRAKE - Tobacco

MASTIC GUM - Gum Arabic, Frankincense

MISTLETOE - Mint, Sage

MUGWORT - Wormwood

NEROLI OIL - Orange Oil

NIGHTSHADE - Tobacco

NUTMEG - Mace, Cinnamon

OAKMOSS - Patchouli

ORANGE - Tangerine Peel

ORANGE FLOWERS - Orange Peel

PATCHOULI - Oakmoss

PEPPERWORT - Rue, Grains Of Paradise, Black Pepper

PINE - Juniper

PINE RESIN - Frankincense, Copal

RED SANDALWOOD - Sandalwood with a pinch of Dragon's Blood

ROSE - Yarrow

ROSE GERANIUM - Rose

RUE - Rosemary with a pinch of Black Pepper

SAFFRON - Orange Peel

SANDALWOOD - Cedar

SARSAPARILLA - Sassafras

SASSAFRASS - Sarsaparilla

SPEARMINT - Peppermint

SULFUR - Tobacco, Club Moss, Asafoetida

THYME - Rosemary

TOBACCO - Bay

TONKA BEAN - Deerstongue, Woodruff, Vanilla Bean, Coffee Bean

VALERIAN - Asafoetida

VANILLA - Woodruff, Deerstongue, Tonka Bean

VETIVERT - Calamus

WOLFSBANE - Tobacco

WOOD ALOE - Sandalwood sprinkled with Ambergris Oil

WOODRUFF - Deerstongue, Vanilla

WORMWOOD - Mugwort

YARROW - Rose

YEW - Tobacco